Propagation and characterization of the micro cracks. The pkn solution is a 2d analytical solution with assumption of plane strain deformation in the vertical plane. Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic. Geomechanical analysis of hydraulic fracturing induced. Seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by ydraulic fracturing produces a threedimensional 3d, swave velocity model of the fractured zone, improves the calculated locations of the microearthquakes, and may lead to be. Estimating permeability from hydraulic fracturing induced microseismicity. As of august 2016, there were at least nine known cases of fault reactivation by hydraulic fracturing that caused induced seismicity strong enough to be felt by humans at the surface. Waste fluid disposal, however, does pose some risk for induced seismicity.
A theoretical examination of the fracturing of rocks. Study on induced stress of hydraulic fracturing in fractured. In contrast, in western canada most recent cases of induced seismicity are highly correlated in time and space with hydraulic fracturing, during which fluids are injected under high pressure during well com. The regulation of hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas fields. Ground motion from the august 17, 2015, moment magnitude 4. Introduction felt induced seismicity due to produced water injection has been observed at many locations and has. Microseismic events induced by the hydraulic fracturing were located by a beamforming. The central united states has undergone a dramatic increase in seismicity over the past 6 years fig. Environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing june 2015. Waveform characteristics of earthquakes induced by.
Investigation of hydraulic and natural fracture interaction. Microseismic events induced by the hydraulic fracturing. There was a clear temporal correlation between the time of stimulation and the occurrence of fortythree. Study of hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity using quasistatic geomechanical modeling is an emerging field, and the models will be improved as more field data are available for testing various hypotheses. Bustin, the university of british columbia, vancouver, bc. Nov 28, 2018 while wd is the primary cause of induced earthquakes in the united states within the past decade, other human activities such as carbon sequestration e. Aerial photograph of hydraulic fracturing well sites near williston, north dakota.
Hydraulic fracturing and induced seismicity in kansas 3 april 20 for some time the public has asked questions about seismic activity related to hydraulic fracturing and other oilfield related activities. Pdf hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in the southern. Eventually, the moratorium was lifted with a highly publicized protocol relying on a magnitude based traffic light system green et al. From these observations, fracture propagation by hydraulic. New model explaining inverted source mechanisms of. Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing. The model is used to analyze the stress difference between homogeneous reservoir and heterogeneous. Future research is needed to better understand risks associated with induced seismicity, according to the national academies of sciences. Research has determined that human health is affected. Hydraulic fracturing is an extractive method used by crude oil and natural gas.
Microseismic mapping of events induced during a hydraulic fracture stimulation treatment was done using a gsr recording system comprised of 98 geophones deployed at 300 feet below the surface above the monitoring area. Nordgren, 1972 has been applied in calculating induced hydraulic fracture width. A n accurate magnitude calculation is critical to assessing the impact of hydraulic fracturing on seismic hazards as well as correctly characterizing the fractures that are activated during the stimulation. Environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing june 2015 as a result, to develop vertical extensive fracture systems, high pressure fluid injection is needed across long periods of more than a day. Hydraulic fracturing as a method for recovering unconventional shale gas has. Induced seismicity, hydraulic fracturing and waste disposal one of the significant public concerns regarding hydraulic fracturing is the risk of earthquakes caused by hydraulic fracturing or related activities, particularly the use of injection wells. To investigate how the viscosity of the fracturing fluid affects fracture propagation, hydraulic fracturing experiments using three fluids with different viscosities supercritical co2, water, and viscous oil under the true triaxial condition were conducted on anisotropic granite specimens, and then the induced fractures were microscopically observed via a fluorescent method.
Handbook of hydraulic fracturing national academic. In addition, the initial behaviour of fractures is also affected by. Pdf hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in the. Estimating permeability from hydraulic fracturing induced. However, geological factors also played a considerable role in determining whether a large injection. Jan 19, 2018 determining why hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking triggered earthquakes in the duvernay formation in canada is important for future hazard mitigation.
Observations of fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing. The model takes into account both the induced stress caused by hf opening and the induced stress caused by fluid filtration. The practice of hydraulic fracturingor frackingin conjunction with. One category of induced earthquake is caused by hydraulic fracturing hfa technique used by industry to produce petroleum from normally. For hydraulic fracturing design, the hydraulic fracture volume needs to be calculated. Research and policy recommendations for hydraulic fracturing.
The event represented the first red light event under the alberta energy regulator subsurface order 2 and resulted in a 16day suspension of operations. The regulation of hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas. Seismicity triggered by hydraulic fracturing appears to be strongly localized. The gwpc and the iogcc provided the epa with over 39,000 pdf disclosures submitted by well. The definition of massive hydraulic fracturing varies, but generally refers to treatments injecting over 150 short tons, or approximately 300,000 pounds 6 metric. Seismicity is a normal part of hydraulic fracturing. Analysis of feasibility of extensive fracture development. Nov 27, 2019 hydraulic fracturing has been used in the oil and natural gas industry since the 1940s, producing more than 700 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 15 billion barrels of oil since the practice began. No correlation was observed between injected volumes, seismicity and groundwater parameters. Analysis of feasibility of extensive fracture development and. Unintentional seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing.
Water and air pollution are the biggest risks to human health from hydraulic fracturing. Pdf seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by. Hydraulic fracturing has been inferred to trigger the majority of injection induced seismicity in the zhaotong and changning shale gas field, sichuan basin of china, in contrast to the midwestern. Kao5 a sharp increase in the frequency of earthquakes near fox creek, alberta, began in december 20 in response to hydraulic fracturing. Abstract microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing have been studied by. Although hydraulic fracturing has been used for decades for the stimulation of oil and gas reservoirs, a thorough understanding of the inter. An overview of hydraulic fracturing and other formation stimulation. Modeling of fault reactivation and induced seismicity. Analysis and prediction of microseismicity induced by. Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing college of earth and mineral.
Hydraulic fracturing is directly causing a small percentage of the felt induced earthquakes observed in the united states. Induced seismicity is an earthquake caused by human activities. An analytical approach to hydraulic fracturing and induced. Large seismic events can be induced by hydraulic fracturing in the presence of a. Mahani, journalseismological research letters, year. May 10, 2019 the process of hydraulic fracturing makes use of fluid injection to conduct the fracturing treatment of reservoirs for the exploitation of unconventional resources. Hydraulic fracturing is a process in which a liquid and solids are pumped into a formation under pressure high enough to cause cracks to open in the formation. Earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing are pervasive. The environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing is related to land use and water consumption, air emissions, including methane emissions, brine and fracturing fluid leakage, water contamination, noise pollution, and health. A modified leakoff model for an intersecting fracture based on poroelasticity was introduced to account for the increased leakoff at the intersections.
However, the full optimization of hydraulic fracturestimulations will not be possible until accurate methods are available to directly image the. Hydraulic fracturing design an overview sciencedirect topics. Induced seismicity hydraulic fracturing volume is associatedwith induced earthquake productivity in the duvernay play r. The hydraulic fracturing application in oil and gas exploration is not new. Examinationofpossibly induced seismicityfrom hydraulic fracturingintheeolafield,garvin county,oklahoma austin. The role of aseismic slip in hydraulic fracturinginduced. Injection and hydraulic fracturing, 11 texas journal of oil, gas, and energy law 1 2016 blake watson, hydraulic fracturing and tort litigation. Development and fault activation induced by hydraulic fracturing george moridis, jihoon kim and jonny rutqvist, lbnl. Fatigue hydraulic fracturing by cyclic reservoir treatment. Typically, these seismic events are small microseismic events, too small to be felt at the surface. Hydraulic fracturing enhanced by water pressure blasting. Pdf myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic. Examinationofpossiblyinducedseismicityfrom hydraulic. Hydraulic fracturing and seismicity in the western canada.
Pdf shale gas production from organic rich shale formations is one of the most rapidly expanding areas in oil and gas exploration and. Managing the risks of hydraulic fracturing, 2020 fraser institute. Hydraulic fracturing design an overview sciencedirect. Hydraulic fracturing, also called fracking, fracing, hydrofracking, fraccing, fracing, and.
Hydraulic fracturing hf is a technique that is used for extracting petroleum resources from impermeable host rocks. Coal seam gas extraction does not always involve hydraulic fracturing. This includes the inside diameter of the drilled hole. Uk decc hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity protocol. Hydraulic fracturing design and operations guidelines. Induced hydraulic fractures or reactivated natural fractures. In western canada, for example, induced seismicity of m w. Monitoring and risk assessment of anomalous induced. The potential advantages of supercritical co2 scco2 make it an ideal candidate of non. Location of microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing by william rodi, yingping li, and c.
The effect of fracturing stimulation is directly related to the distribution and geometric structure of the induced fracture network. Injection wells are distinct from hydraulically fractured production wells. Hydraulic fracturing volume is associated with induced. Myths and facts on waste water injection, hydraulic. There is full connectivity between the subsections within sections 2. The maximum magnitudes reported in the above cases, i. Global occurrences of hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity and potential models. Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing insights from. As is well known, hydraulic fracturing using waterbased fracturing fluid is employed regularly in the commercial development of shale gas. Models for hydraulic fracturing induced earthquakes in shales typically ascribe fault activation to elevated pore pressure or increased shear stress. Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing wikipedia. Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western canada.
Experimental investigation on the fractures induced by. Observations of fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing in. Hydraulic fracturing is causing all of the induced earthquakes. A survey of landowner lawsuits, 31 probate and property magazine, issue 5 sept. Scientists do not believe hydraulic fracturing activities are a significant cause of seismic events that can be felt at the surface. Hydraulic fracturing is directly causing a small percentage of the felt induced earthquakesobserved inthe united states. Propagation and characterization of the micro cracks induced. Hydraulic fracturing has been sometimes linked to induced seismicity or. Bonded particle model, multiscale pores, distributive characteristics, induced fracture, hydraulic fracturing introduction the fracturing technique is important for oil production from lowpermeability reservoirs. Marco venieri 2, and samantha mackie 1university of calgary, department of civil engineering 2university of calgary, department of geosciences.
Earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing are pervasive in. Induced hydraulic fractures or reactivated natural. Modeling of fault reactivation and induced seismicity during. Jan 15, 2020 the micro cracks induced by hydraulic fracturing were observed through sem in this study. Cheng earth resources laboratory department ofearth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences massachusetts institute oftechnology cambridge, ma 029 abstract this paper examines the problem of locating microearthquakes induced by hydraulic. Figure 1b shows seismicity and injection activity during the months of august and september 2015. Massive hydraulic fracturing also known as highvolume hydraulic fracturing is a technique first applied by pan american petroleum in stephens county, oklahoma, usa in 1968. Hydraulic fracturing results have improved immensely since the inception of this process as a direct result of advanced models, detailed pressure analyses, and application of standard diagnostics. When hydraulic fracture hf intercepts natural fracture nf it can cross the nf, open dilate the nf, or be arrested at nf. Earthquakes are well clustered around the hydraulic fracturing wells. Prohibition of hydraulic fracturing operations if the distance between the induced fracturezones multiplied by a safety factor of 2, and the top of the waterbearing formation is less than 100 m section 2 and 5. The publics fears about hydraulic fracturing and subsequent potential for induced seismicity are a growing concern, even in tried and true oil fields of alberta. The hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted under specific experimental conditions within shale specimens to generate hydraulic fractures. In contrast, felt earthquakes induced during hydraulic fracturing operations are more common in western canada.
Prohibition of hydraulic fracturing operations if the distance between the induced fracturezones multiplied by a safety factor of 2, and the top of the waterbearing formation is less than 100 m section 2. Induced seismicity response of hydraulic fracturing. Induced seismicity has recently been attributed to hydraulic fracturing in western canada. Pdf modeling hydraulic fracturing induced fracture networks in. Hydraulic fracturing fraccing techniques, including reporting. Hydraulic fracturing and shale gas production alternative fuels.
This process creates hydraulic fractures that propagate. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a method used by drilling engineers to stimulate or improve fluid flow from rocks in the subsurface. The hydraulic fracturing technique of well stimula. Geoconvention 2019 1 induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing insights from a fracture survey of an analogous duvernay outcrop scott 1harold 2mckean, simon poirier2, jeffrey a priest1, per kent pedersen2, henry galvisportilla. The role of aseismic slip in hydraulic fracturing induced. In particular, there is concern that the energy that goes into the subsurface during hydraulic fracturing is sufficient to cause felt.
Well constructionoperation and subsurface modeling. A hydraulic fracture is a pressure induced fracture caused by injecting. Monitoring and risk assessment of anomalous induced seismicity due to hydraulic fracturing in the montney formation, northeastern british columbia a. A map of global reported seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing with m w 3. Induced hydraulic fracturing hydrofracturing, also commonly known as fracking or. Hydraulic fracturing in formations with permeable natural fractures olga kresse and xiaowei weng. Ground motion from the august 17, 2015, moment magnitude. Anomalous induced seismicity due to hydraulic fracturing. The stakeholders need to be shown that a well thought out approach to understanding hydraulic fracturing and potential induced seismicity can be done following a logical step by.
1424 953 1041 1704 1261 1080 445 278 138 58 467 98 156 222 373 1335 386 633 1032 52 1352